4– 6 In this regard, LiFePO 4 (LFP) has been extensively used as a stable cathode material allowing for high currents in a full cell it however exhibits a lower working voltage (vs Li) and practical capacity than Ni-rich cathodes such as LiNi 0.6Mn 0.2Co 0.2O 2 (NMC-622).
1– 3 In many portable electronics and electric vehicles, fast charging and high power density are two of the key requirements. The growing global energy demand, together with the quest for clean and renewable sources of energy, drives research into Li-ion batteries with high energy density and high rate performance. With the merits of high rate performance and long cycle life, the combination of NWO and a commercial cathode represents a promising, safe battery for fast charge/discharge applications. Finally, we demonstrate the temperature-dependent performance of this full cell at 10, 25 and 60 ☌ and confirm, using operando XRD, that the structural change of the NWO material during lithiation/de-lithiation at 60 ☌ is very similar to its behaviour at 25 ☌, reversible and with a low volume change. The degradation of the cell performance is mainly attributed to the increased charge transfer resistance at the NMC side, consistent with the ex situ XRD and XPS analysis demonstrating the structural stability of NWO during cycling together with minimal electrolyte decomposition. The cells show high rate performance and long-term stability under 5 C and 10 C cycling rates with a conventional carbonate electrolyte without any additives. Highly stable lithium-ion battery cycling of niobium tungsten oxide (Nb 16W 5O 55, NWO) is demonstrated in full cells with cathode materials LiNi 0.6Mn 0.2Co 0.2O 2 (NMC-622) and LiFePO 4 (LFP).